গারো সংস্কৃতিতে খ্রিস্টধর্ম

 

                                            গারো সংস্কৃতিতে খ্রিস্টধর্ম

Mv‡iv evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg Avw`evmx m¤úª`vq| Zv‡`i wbR¯^ mg„×kvjx ms¯‹…wZ Av‡Q| Lªx÷ag© Mªn‡Yi c~‡e© Zviv mvsmv‡iK ev cªK„wZ c~Rvi Dcvmbv KiZ| Zviv cÖK„wZi g‡a¨ GKUv AwZcÖvK…wZK Ges Awek¦vmx kw³ Av‡Q e‡j Zviv wek¦vm KiZ| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b msL¨vMwió Mv‡iv Lx÷ ag© MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Zviv Zv‡`i cÖvK…wZK Dcvmbv Abbykxjb Ki‡Q wVKB wKš‘ ms¯‹…wZ‡K GLbI Zviv a‡i †i‡L‡Qb| Lªx÷ ag© D`vi, mnbkxj Ges MÖnYxq g‡bvfve †ekx weavq Mv‡iv ms¯‹„wZ Zviv Lªx÷ a‡g© PP©v Ki‡Z cvi‡Q Ges GKB mv‡_ Lx÷ ag© PP©v Ki‡Q| myZivs Mv‡iv mgv‡R Ges Zv‡`i ms¯‹…wZ‡Z Lªx÷ a‡g©i cÖfve Lye †ekx jÿYxq| wLª÷ ag© Zv‡`i ms¯‹„wZ PP©v Ki‡Z my‡hvM K‡i w`‡”Q| ejv ‡h‡Z cv‡i †h wLª÷ ag© MÖn‡Yi d‡j Zviv wkwÿZ Ges ms¯‹„wZ a‡i ivL‡Z cvi‡Q| Zv bv n‡j Zv‡`i ms¯‹…wZ wejy‡ßi c‡_| myZivs Lªx÷ a‡g©i cÖfve Mv‡iv ms¯‹…wZ‡Z Av‡Q| 

DrcwËi BwZnvm

Mv‡iv RvwZi DrcwË Ges Avw`f~wg †Kv_vq Gi mwVK Z_¨ wb‡q mw›`nvb Av‡Q| ZvB Zv‡`i evmf~wg Ges Avw`f~wgi mwVK Z_¨ Rvbvi Rb¨ cÖPzi M‡elYv Ges cwikÖ‡gi cÖ‡qvRb| Z‡e wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ †jLK Mv‡iv‡`i DrcwË I evm¯’j m¤©ú‡K wewfbœ Z_¨ w`‡q‡Qb| Mv‡iv‡`i A‡b‡Ki wek¦vm I K_¨ fvl¨vbymv‡i Zv‡`i c~e© cyiæl‡`i evmf~wg wZeŸ‡Z| Gi wcQ‡b hyw³ nj Mv‡iv‡`i K_¨ fvlv Ges wZeŸZxq fvlvi g‡a¨ A‡b‡KUv wgj Av‡Q| iƒc K_vbymv‡i Mv‡iv c~©ecyiæliv hLb GB †`‡k AvMgb ZLb ÔBqvK MvB‡qKÕ cy”Q wb‡q Av‡mb †Kbbv GUv wQj Zv‡`i Kv‡Q cweÎ I `vwg| Mv‡iv‡`i wKse`šÍx Kvwnbx I Mívbymv‡i Rvbv hvq †h Mv‡iviv Lªx÷ R‡b¥i mnmª eQi c~‡e© GB Dcgnv‡`‡k Rvccv, evwR`cv, gyLcv, eswMcv, myKvscv, Bwjscv, `cvcv cÖgyL †bZ…e„‡›`i Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡q AvMgb K‡i|

Mv‡iv msmv‡iK‡`i agx©q wek¦vm

Mv‡iv mvsmv‡iKiv G‡Kk¦iev`x| Zviv GK m„wóKZ©vi wek¦mx| Zv‡`i m„wóKZ©vi bvg ÔZvZviv iveyMvÕ| wZwbB wek¦ågvÛ‡K m„wó K‡iQb| wZwbB m„wó KZ©v | wZwb wewfbœ bv‡g cwiwPZ- cv¯‘iv, ¯‘iv, bKgv| Zv‡K m„wói Kv‡R mnvqZv K‡i‡Qb Abvb¨ †`eZvMbY Mv‡iv‡`i †`eZv b¯‘, bycv¯‘, gvwP, eviwPs, wPevs, bKgv, bRvwiK b`sw`j, evjcs, wM‡Ëj, †bvwiwPZ wKgix †ev‡µ, Mivscv, AvMccv, AvwcZcv mvvjRs Av‡iv A‡bK †`eZvMY| m~h©, P›`ª, ZviKvivwR, eRª I e„wó cÖf„wZi gv‡S cÖej kw³i Dcw¯’wZ Abyfe K‡i Zviv Zv‡`i †`e‡`ex wnmv‡e MÖnb K‡i‡Q Ges Zv‡`i e¨w³i iyc w`‡q‡Qb| 

 eZ©gv‡b 99% Mv‡iv Avw`evmx wLª÷ ag© MÖnY K‡i‡Q| myZivs Zviv GK Ck¦‡i wek¦vmx| hxï wLª‡÷i ag© wkÿv MÖnY K‡i| hviv K¨v_wjK Zviv cweÎ AvZ¥v Ges cweÎ w·Z¡ wek¦vm K‡i| myZivs Zviv GLb g‡b cÖv‡Y wek¦vm K‡i ‡h me©kw³gvb Ck¦i wek¦ågv‡Ûi m„wó KZ©v Ges iÿvKZ©v| wZwb Avw` Ges AšÍ¨| Zvui †kl Ges ïiæ †bB| hxï wLª÷ n‡jb Ck¦i cyÎ| hvu‡K Ck¦i †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb gvbe RvwZ‡K cv‡ci `vmZ¡ †_‡K gy³ Ki‡Z| Zviv wek¦vm K‡i †h hxï µz‡k g„Zy¨eiY K‡i‡Qb Ges Z„Zxq w`‡b Avevi cybiæÌvb K‡i‡Qb Ges ¯^‡M© Av‡ivnb K‡i‡Qb| myZivs Zviv GLb g‡b cªv‡Y wLª÷ ag© P©Pv Ki‡Q|

mvsmv‡iK Mv‡iv‡`i m„wó Kvwnbx

mvsmv‡iK Mv‡iv‡`i wek¦vm  c„w_ex m„wói c~‡e© Pvwiw`‡K cvwb wQj| f~wgi wPý gvÎ wQj bv Ges mewKQzB AÜKviv”Qbœ wQj| Zviviv iveyMv B”Qv Ki‡jb c„w_ex m„wó Ki‡eb Kv‡RB bš‘ I bycvš‘‡K Av‡`k w`‡jb c„w_ex Kivi Rb¨|  Zviv AvkÖq wb‡jb gvKomv Rvj Ges Rjivwki Dci Ges ‡mB Rvj we¯Ívi Ki‡jb| bš‘ bycvš‘‡K ZvZviv iveyMv wKQy evwjI w`‡q‡Q‡jb| AZGe Zviv evwj gywóe× K‡i cvwbi wb‡P wb‡ÿc K‡i ej‡jb Ô bxP †_‡K gvwU wb‡q G‡mv| Avi wbP †_‡K gvwU wb‡q Avm‡j †mB gvwU w`‡q c„w_ex m„wó Ki‡jb| c„w_ex m„wó n‡j mewKQz wf‡R iBj ZvB wZwb AvKv‡k m~h©, P›`ª m„wó Ki‡jb| g‡Z© wZbRb †`eZv‡K †cÖiY Ki‡jb| Zv‡`i cÖ‡Póvq Aíw`‡bB cÖw_ex evm‡hvM¨ nj| Zvici ZvZviv iveyMv RxeRš‘ m„wó Kij| Zviv fvej Avev‡`i Rb¨ Avevmf~wg gvbeRvwZi Rb¨ cª‡qvRb, wZwb ZvB Ki‡jb| iæiæ‡i wKbœv‡m gvbe RvwZ m„wó‡Z ZvZviv iveyMv‡K mnvqZv K‡i| gvbe RvwZ‡K m„wó K‡i AvwgZ‡O †i‡L w`‡jb| kvb I gywb cÖ_g gvbe RvwZ| Zv‡`i mšÍvb Mv‡Ps I `yRs|  bigv‡›` I w`gv (evbwP) mšÍvb| GLvb †_‡KB Mv‡iv RvwZi eskai| GUv nj Zv‡`i wek¦vmvbymv‡i m„wói Kvwnbx| wLª÷vb‡`i m„wó Kvwnbxi mv‡_ Mv‡iv‡`i m„wó Kvwnbxi mv‡_ wKQzUv wgj Av‡Q | wLª÷ a‡g© Ck¦iB mewKQyB m„wó K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ Zvui Kv‡iv mvnv‡h¨i cÖ‡qvRb nqwb| wLª÷ a‡g© Avw` gvbe nj Av`g I nev|

Zv‡`i wek¦vmvbymv‡i ¯^M©-biK

Mv‡iv‡`i wek¦vm  g„Zz¨i c‡i we‡`nx AvZ¥v cÖ_‡g evjcvµvg cvnv‡i Mgb K‡i Ges †mLv‡b mvgwqK wekÖvg MÖnY Kivi ci wPKgvs cvnv‡i Mgb K‡i Ges †mLv‡b Ae¯’vbiZ B‡Zvg‡a¨ g„Z AvZ¥x¯^Rb‡`i mv‡_ mvgwqK emevm Ki‡Z kyiæ K‡i| cieZx©‡Z Zvi RvMwZK Kg©vbyhvwq †m gvbyl ev cÖvYx, e„ÿjZviæ‡c c„w_exi ey‡K cyY©Rb¥ Ki‡e| Avi we‡`nx AvZ¥v hw` cweÎ nq Zvn‡j c~Y©Rb¥ cwinvi K‡i ARvbv wPikvwšÍ AbšÍ‡jv‡K hvÎv K‡i| Mv‡iv‡`i AbšÍgyL Ges bi‡Ki kvw¯Í m¤ú‡K© †Kvb wbw`©ó aviYv bvB| wLª÷ ag© wkÿvq ¯^M©, biK I g‡a¨¯’v‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| Mv‡iv‡`i ¯^M© biK wek¦vmvbymv‡i g„Zz¨i ci AvZ¥v AvwZ¥q ¯^Rb‡`i mv‡_ mvgwqK wekªvg K‡i| wKš‘ wLª÷ a‡g© g„Zz¨i ci †KD Kv‡iv mv‡_ cwiPq _vK‡e bv| ¯^‡M© mevi AwaKvi mgvb _vK‡e| †mLv‡b †Kvb †f`v‡f` _vK‡ebv| wLª÷ a‡g© c~Y©Rb¥ †bB|

Ck¦i m¤ú‡©K avibv 

Mv‡iviv m„wóKZ©vi Aw¯’Z ¯^xKvi K‡i| wZwb GB wekvj wek¦ ågv‡Ûi mewKQzi m„óv| Zviv gvbe ‡`‡ni AvZ¥v wek¦vmx Ges AvZ¥v Awebk¦i| Zviv Rb¥všÍiev‡` wek¦vm K‡i| Z‡e Zv‡`i Ck¦i m¤ú‡K© avibv wfbœ iKg| Zv‡`i Kv‡Q Ck¦i me©kw³gvb| wZwb wePvi K‡ib hviv Zuvi weiæ‡× KvR K‡i| Zviv Ck¦i‡K kvw¯Í`vZv wnmv‡e †`‡L‡Qb| hLb wZwb Amš‘ó _v‡Kb ZLb wZwb Zv‡`i kvw¯Í`vb K‡ib| GgbwK †h DcKib w`‡q c~Rv Kiv nq Zv fyjµ‡g cv w`‡q gvwo‡q †M‡jI kvw¯Í †c‡Z nq ev †m †`eZv‡K mš‘ó Kivi Rb¨ c~Rv-AP©bv Ki‡Z nq| ZvB Zv‡`i Rb¨ Ck¦i n‡jb f‡qi, kvw¯Íi Ges cÖvY nb‡bi e¨vw³| Ab¨w`‡K hLb Zv‡`i Kv‡Q Ck¦‡ii evYx wb‡q Avm‡jb ZLb Zviv ÿgvkxj Ck¦i. `qvevb Ck¦i Ges mvwbœ‡a¨i Ck¦‡ii AwfÁZv jvf Ki‡jb| ZvB Zviv AvRvbv Ck¦i, †µv‡ai Ck¦i Ges †h Ck¦i kvw¯Í †`q †mB Ck¦i‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡i ÿgvkxj Ck¦i‡K MÖnY Ki‡jb| 

Szg Pv‡li mgq Dme Abyôvb: AvMvj gvK&Kv ev AvwPiKv 

Syg Pv‡li me©v½xb g½‡ji  Rb¨ cÖ_‡g ‡h AbyôvbwU Kiv nq Zv‡K Mv‡iv fvlvq AvMvj gvK&Kv A_ev AvwPiKv e‡j| eQ‡ii cÖvi‡¤¢B dmj †evbvi Av‡M GB Abvo¤^i AbyôvbwU cvjb Kiv nq| Szg †ÿ‡Zi MvQcvjv †SvcSvo KvUv n‡q †M‡j Av¸b w`‡q cy‡o cwi®‹vi Kivi c~‡e© Zviv GB AvPvi AbyôvbwU K‡i _v‡K| AvÿwiK A‡_© Gi A_© nj Av¸‡bi Zvc †`qv‡K eySvB| me© cÖKvi cvwievwiK Ag½j hv‡Z `~i nq Ges †`e‡`exiv hv‡Z wbqwgZ e„wócvZ NUvq Zvi D‡Ï‡k¨ Mv‡iviv G Abyôvb K‡i _v‡K| c~‡e© ‡h Dcmbvi gva¨‡g cwievi Ges dmj e„w×i R‡b¨ cÖv©_bv Ki‡Zb GLb †mB ¯’v‡b Ck¦‡ii Kv‡Q me©cÖ_g †h‡Kvb dmj Drcv`‡bi Kv‡Ri c~‡e©  Ck¦‡ii Kv‡Q g½j cÖv_©bv K‡i hv‡Z dmj fvj I cÖPzi Drcv`b nq| GLb Zviv †h †Kvb AvPvi Abyôv‡bi c~‡e© cig KiæYvgq Ck¦‡ii Kv‡Q cÖv_©bv K‡ib Ges †m cÖv©_bv cwiPvjbv K‡ii wLª÷vb cy‡ivwnZ|

 isPzMvjv ev bZyb wPovi Drme 

avb KvUvi Av‡M Mv‡iviv isPzMvj&jv bv‡g GKwU Abyôvb Kiv nq| GB Abyôvb iv‡Î Kiv nq| Szg †ÿ‡Zi fvM¨ †`exi D‡Ï‡k¨ bZzb av‡bi wPov Drm‡ei gva¨‡g GB Abyôvb Kiv nq| Szg †ÿ‡Zi GK‡Kvbvi RvqMv cwi®‹vi K‡i bZzb av‡bi wPov Kjv cvZvq †`exi D‡Ï‡k¨ wb‡e`b Kiv nq| GB Abyôv‡b bvP-MvbI Kiv nq| GB AvPvi Abyôvb eZ©gv‡b wejyßcÖvq| Z‡e ag©xq ixwZ Abyhvwq GKUv LyeB A_©c~Y Ges h_vh_ AvPvi Abyôvb| Avgiv ïi‡Z Ck¦‡ii bvg wb‡q ïi Kwi hv‡Z hvB Kwi bv †Kb fvj Ki‡Z cvwi wKš‘ hLb KvR m¤úbœ nq ZLb Avgiv Ck¦‡K ab¨ev` w`‡Z fz‡j hvq| Avwg g‡b Kwi GB AvPvi Abyôvb nj ab¨ev‡`i Abyôvb | fvj dmj cvIqvi Rb¨ Ck¦‡ii ab¨ev`| ZvB wLª÷ ag©vbymv‡i dmj fvj Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g Ck¦i‡K ab¨ev` Rvwb‡q Zvici dmj KvUv ïi Ki‡Z cvwi|

Rv‡g Mvc&cv-AvnvIqv

Rv‡g Mvc&cv nj Syg †ÿ‡Z avb KvUvi cÖviw¤¢K Drme Abyôvb| G mg‡q Mv‡iv †Q‡jiv wPrKvi K‡i ÔAvnvIqvÕ kãwU| ZvB GB Abyôvb‡K Rv‡g Mvc&cv AvnvIqv ejv nq| avb KvUvi mgq Zviv Avb›` cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ AvnvIqv e‡j wPrKvi K‡i| AvnvIqvi w`b ZvwiL I mgq mgv‡Ri cÖavb e¨w³ Ges AvwLs bKgv wba©viY K‡i _v‡Kb| mevB GB Abyôv‡b AskMªnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB Drme  Abyôv‡b av‡bi kxl¸”Q¸‡jv DrmM© Kiv nq †`eZv‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ Ges †m¸‡jv evwo †bqvi ci IqvbMvjvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZ¯^iæc J av‡bi Pvj w`‡q g` cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| GB AvPvivbyôvb wejyß n‡q †M‡Q| Z‡e Ck¦‡ii ab¨ev`, cÖksmv Ges mvgMxZ Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GB dmj KvUvi Abyôvb K‡i Ck¦‡ii gwngvwbœZ Ki‡Z cvwi|

IqvbMvjv 

Syg Pv‡li mv‡_ mshy³ †h K‡qKwU mvgvwRK Drme cvjb Kiv nq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ IqvbMvjv Ab¨Zg| GB Abyôvb Zviv Lye RuvKRgK mnKv‡i K‡i _v‡K| GB mvgvwRK Abyôvb mvZw`b ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K| Mv‡iv IqvbMvjv Drme bv Kiv ch©šÍ Lv`¨kl¨ e¨envi K‡i bv| cÖ_‡g Lv`¨ kl¨ Zviv mvjRs †`eZvi D‡Ï‡k¨ DrmM© K‡i _v‡Kb| Zvici Zviv Lv`¨kl¨ wb‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨envi K‡i| IqvbMvjvi mgq Zviv wewfbœ ai‡bi wcVv cÖ¯‘Z K‡i _v‡K Ges Pv‡ji g` cÖ¯‘Z K‡i _v‡K| Drm‡ei mgq Zv mevi mv‡_ mnfvwMZv Kiv nq| G Drm‡ei gva¨‡g Zviv m„wóKZ©v‡K ab¨ev` Rvbvq Zv‡`i‡K Lv`¨kl¨ `v‡bi Rb¨| Zv‡`i K…ZÁZv, ab¨ev` Ges cÖksmvi Xvwj m„wó KZ©vi bv‡g mewKQz Kiv nq GB Drm‡e| GLbI GB Abyôvb LyeB Avo¤^‡i Kiv nq| 

GB IqvbMvjv AvPvivbyôvb wLª÷ a‡©gi mv‡_ ûeû wg‡j hvq| wLª÷ a‡g© wLª÷ ivRvi c‡e© GB IqvbMvjv Drme cvjb Kiv nq| †Kbbv GB Drm‡ei cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ nj Ck¦i‡K ab¨ev` Rvbv‡bv Zvi mg¯Í `v‡bi Rb¨| Avgiv RM‡Z hv wKQz cvq Zv meB Ck¦‡ii KvQ †_‡K Av‡m| fvj dmj Dcv`‡bi g~j KviY nj Ck¦i| ZvB cª_g dmj †MvjvN‡i †bqvi c~‡e© Ck¦i‡K DmM© Kiv nq| wLª÷ a‡g©i GB g~j¨‡eva Mv‡iv ms¯‹…wZ‡Z LyeB A_©c~Y|

‡ivM wbivgq c×wZ: 

mvsmv‡iK Mv‡iv‡`i  wek¦vm Zv‡`i †ivM‡kv‡Ki cÖavb Kvib nj †`e‡`exi †µva Ges †Kvb Ab¨vq KvR K‡i Zv‡`i weiw³ Ki‡j| Aek¨ †KD Zv †`‡Lwb Zv Zv‡`i wek¦vm Ges KvR GKgvÎ Ki‡Z cv‡i Kvgvj cy‡ivwnZ| †Kvb evwo‡Z ‡Kvb m`m¨ `xN©w`b hver Amy¯’ _vK‡j Ges †flR Jlya ‡me‡b my¯’ bv n‡j ‡`e‡`ex mš‘ó weav‡bi Rb¨ c~Rvi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| GB wµqv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ weÁ Lvgvj‡K WvKv nq| wKš‘ AwaKvsk LvgvjB wbiÿi| Zviv GB kw³ ¯^cœ‡hv‡M †c‡q‡Q| GB †ivMgyw³i c~Rv‡K Mv‡iv fvlvq ejv nq ÔAvgyqvÕ mvavibZ mKvj †ejvq kyiæ Kiv nq| evwoi Avw½bvq we‡kl GK RvqMv cwm®‹vi K‡i gvwUi ‡e`x ‰Zwi Kiv nq| GB †e`xi Pvwiw`‡K Kjv Mv‡Qi LywU †cvZv nq| GB ¯’vb‡K wKwgÛv ejv nq| c~Rvi kyiæ‡Z Kjv cvZv ivLv nq| Kjv cvZvi Dc‡i †`kx Kzjv emv‡bv _v‡K| †mB Kyjvi Dc‡i Pvj ivLv nq| mv‡_ GKwU Szwo ivLv nq| Szwoi Pv‡ji Dci GKwU wWg ivLv nq| †mwUi cv‡k gyiwMi cvjK ¸‡R ‡`qv nq| ZvQvov AvZc Pv‡ji fvZ Ges gvs‡mi ZiKvwi Kzjvi Dc‡i ivLv nq| c~Rvi mgq †ivMx‡K Lvgv‡ji cv‡kB e‡m _vK‡Z nq| G mgq Lvgvj gš¿ cvV Ki‡Z _v‡K Ges †ivMgyw³i cÖv©_bv K‡i †`eZvi D‡Ï‡k¨|

 wLª÷ ag© MÖnb Kivi ci Mv‡iv ms¯‹„wZ‡Z GB AvPvivbyôvb wejyß n‡q †M‡Q| Z‡e Gi cwie‡Z© Zviv Av‡iv GKwU A_©c~Y© †ivMwbivg‡qi c×wZ †c‡q‡Q| Zviv †ivwM‡jcb ms¯‹vi| hw`I Zv g„Zz¨ c~e©gûZ© †`qv nq| Mv‡ivivI †ivM wbivgq Abyôvb giYvcbœ †ivMxi Rb¨ GB Abyôvb Kiv nZ GKRb `vwqZ¡cÖvß cy‡ivwn‡Zi gva¨‡g| †ivwM‡jcb AbyôvbI GKRb Awfwl³ cy‡ivwn‡Zi gva¨‡g †`qv nq| hv Mv‡iv ms¯‹„wZ‡K Av‡iv †Rvov‡jv K‡iQ|

Mv‡iv A‡j e¨vwÞ÷ gÛjx

e¨vwÞ÷ wgkbvixMY 1816 wLª÷v‡ã XvKvq Avmvi ci 1863 wLª÷v‡ã GB gÛjxi Ab¨Zg cÖPviK †ifv‡i›U iæcvU© weqb I Zvui wZb m½x ev½vjx cÖPviK M½vPiY, ZK©f~lY I ivg`qvj gqgbwmsn G‡m GKwU †K›`ª ¯’vcb K‡ib| Gici Zvuiv gvw›` Avw`evmx Aay¨wlZ GjvKv myms `yMv©cy‡i ag© cPvi ïiæ K‡ib| Zv‡`i AK¬všÍ cwikÖ‡gi d‡j ZvuivB gvw›` Avw`evmx‡`i g‡a¨ me©cÖ_g ZvRcyi gûixi Awaevmx ivavbv_ ZRy‡K  wLª÷ a‡g© `xwÿZ Ki‡Z mÿg  nb| gvw›` Avw`emx‡`i g‡a¨ wLª÷ ag© gReyZ Kivi Rb¨ wewiwkwi‡Z e¨vwÞ÷ wgkbvixMY GKwU wgkb †K›`ª ¯’vcb Ki‡jb| 1912 wLª÷v‡ãi 14 b‡f¤^i GB wgk‡bi D‡Øvab nq|

Mv‡iv A‡j Kv_wjK gÛjx

e„nËi gqgbwmsn †Rjvi gvw›`i wLª÷ ag© m¤ú‡K©  me©cÖ_g Rvb‡Z cv‡i e¨vwÞ÷ gÛjxi wgkbvix‡`i KvQ †_‡K| Zvici G¨vswjKvb wgkbvix‡`i KvQ †_‡K| Kv_wjK  gÛjx m¤ú‡K© GB A‡ji †jv‡Kiv wKQzB RvbZ bv| †Kbbv ZLbI Kv_wjK gÛjx GB GjvKvq Av‡mwb| wKš‘ G A‡j Kg©iZ e¨vwÞ÷ gÛjxi cÖPviKMY Kv_wjK gÛjx weiæ‡× cÖPvi Ki‡Z wM‡q K‡qKRb gvw›` †kªvZv‡`i g‡a¨ Kv_wjK gÛjx m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi AvMÖn RvwM‡q †Zv‡j| c‡i RqbvL †PŠaywii G¨swjKvb Aby‡cÖiYvq cvuPRb gvw›`‡`i g‡a¨ Kv_wjK gÛjx m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi AvMÖn Av‡iv evoj| wZwb Zv‡`i e‡jwQ‡jb; ÔÔ wLª÷vb n‡Z PvB‡j Kv_wjK nI|ÕÕ wRwis nvRs, Lw`s nvRs, DwRi iæivg, wmÜz iæMv I w_gvb `vsM †mB AvMÖnx cvPRb gvw›`| Zviv Rqbv‡_i Kv‡Q we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ †R‡b 1909 wLª÷v‡ã wekc nv‡_©i mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡Z jÿx evRv‡i wekc fe‡b iIbv ‡`b|  Zviv Zv‡`i D‡Ïk¨ wek‡ci Kv‡Q e‡jb Ges wb‡R‡`i e¨vwÞ÷ e‡j cwiPq †`b| Zviv wekc‡K e‡jb, ÔÔ wKQzw`b Av‡M Avgiv ï‡bwQ †h, Kv_wjK ag©B wLª÷ a‡g©i Avw` ag©| GB a‡g© cÖK…Z wkÿv i‡q‡Q Ges Gi¸iæ XvKvq Av‡Qb| ZvB GB a‡g©i wel‡q Avgv‡`i‡K ‡kLv‡Z Zvi e¨ve¯’v Ki‡Z Avcbv‡K Aby‡iva Ki‡Z Avgiv Avcbvi Kv‡Q G‡mwQ|Ó  wekc nv_© Zv‡`i AvMÖn Ges my`xN© iv¯Ív AwZµg K‡i Avmvi Rb¨ Zv‡`i cÖksmv K‡ib Ges Zv‡`i Av‡e`b AvcvZZ c~iY Kiv m¤¢e bq Zv wZwb `yt‡Li mv‡_ Rvbv‡jb| wZwb Zv‡`i‡K K‡qKwU K¨vw_wLmg eB w`‡jb| Zviv Zv wb‡Ri B”Qvq AvMÖ‡n cvV K‡i cÖv_©bvmn wek¦vm gš¿ me gyL¯’ K‡i †djj| 1909 wL÷v‡ãi 24 wW‡m¤^i wekc wj‡bœeY© hLb XvKv ag© cÖ‡`‡ki `vwqZ¡fvi MÖnb Ki‡jb ZLb Zvi hvRb msL¨v wQj gvÎ c‡bi Rb Ges ag© cÖ‡`‡ki `vwqZ¡ wQj XvKv, AvivKvb, †bvqvLvwj, †PvÆMÖvg, ewikvj G AÂj mg~n| hvRK msL¨v Kg _vK‡jI wZwb gqgbwmsn Mv‡iv A‡j hvRK cvVv‡bvi wm×všÍ wb‡jb| cÖ_gZ GjvKvi welq Rvbvi Rb¨ dv`vi ‰d¬ix‡K cvP gvw›` A‡j miRwg‡b cwi`k©‡b cvVvb| dv`vi ivRvi evox‡Z †M‡j e¨vwÞ÷ wgkbvix g‡b K‡i Zv‡`i MÖnb K‡iwb| c‡i fzj fv½‡j Zv‡`i mv`‡i MÖnY K‡i| c‡i Zviv wRwis I _w`s Gi MÖv‡g ‡M‡jb| mvsmv‡iK gvw›`iv Zv‡`i †`‡K LyeB Lwk n‡jb| wZwb Zv‡`i mv‡_ `kw`b KvUv‡jb Ges wLª÷ ag© wkÿv w`‡jb| wZwb hxïi g~wZ© †`wL‡q gvw›` mvsmv‡iK‡`i ej‡Zb, Ò hxï mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ g„Zz¨eiY K‡i‡Qb Ges mKj‡K Kv_wjK a‡g© Avm‡Z AvnŸvb K‡i‡Qb| c‡i wZwb XvKvq wd‡i †M‡jb Ges wekc‡K Mv‡iv A‡j ‰cÖwiwZK Kv‡R mdiZvi m¤¢vebvi K_v Rvbv‡jb| wZwb GKwU wgkb †K›`ª ¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ Aby‡iva Ki‡jb| Zvi K_v ï‡b wekc gvw›` A‡j wgkbvix cvVvevi wm×všÍ wb‡jb| 1911 wLª÷v‡ã cÖ_g Kv_wjK  wgkbvix dv`vi GWjd d«vwÝm Ges wZgw_ gvw›` A‡j ivYxLs‡qi _vDkvjcvovq Av‡mb| 1911 wLª÷v‡ã 19 gvP© wZwb 21 Rb cyiæl I gwnjv gvw›`‡`i `xÿv w`‡jb| wRwis nvRs Gi Rwg‡Z kb I evk w`‡q MxR©v Ni wbgvY© K‡ib| dv`vi d«vwÝm bvbv evav _vKv m‡Ë¡I `yB eQ‡i PvikZ gvw›`‡`i wLª÷ a‡g© `xwÿZ K‡ib|

wLª÷ ag© MÖnb Kivi  ci gvw›` ms¯‹„wZ

gvw›`iv wLª÷ ag© MÖnb Kivi  Zv‡`i ms¯‹…wZ‡Z wKQzZv cwieZ©b n‡jI  Zv AvaywbKZvi Zvj wgwj‡q Pjvi Rb¨ LyeB h_v‡cvhyMx| Zv‡`i Kv‡Q wLª÷ evYx Lye mn‡RB cÖPvi Kiv n‡q‡Q †Kbbv Zv‡`i ms¯‹…wZ‡K  wLª÷ a‡g© mn‡R  MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges wLª÷ ag©  Dc‡hvwMZv | wLª÷ ag© Db¥y³| ZvB ms¯‹…wZ PP©vi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb evav †bB| GgbwK wb‡Ri fvlvq Ck¦‡ii Kv‡Q cÖv_©bv Kiv hvq Ges Ck¦i‡K bvg a‡i WvKv hvq ZvB mn‡R Zviv  wLª÷ ag©‡K MÖnY K‡i| eZ©gvb AvaywbK  hy‡M ms¯‹…wZ‡Z e¨vcK cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q Ges ms¯‹…wZ‡K LyeB cÖfve co‡Q| ZvB ms¯‹„wZ a‡i ivL‡Z wLª÷ ag©  e¨vcK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| Avwg g‡b Kwi wLª÷ ag© MÖnY Kivi ci Zv‡`i  Mv‡iv ms¯‹…wZ‡Z ms¯‹vi G‡m‡Q| ag©xq ixwZ Abymv‡i wKQy wKQz  mvs¯‹…wZK w`K cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q  Ges m¤úyY© wLªw÷q g~j¨‡ev‡a Rxeb aviY Ki‡Q †hgb, g„Z e¨vw³‡K Kei †`qv, wLªw÷q mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva, we‡qi ixwZ wLª÷ ag© c×wZ‡Z, Ck¦i‡K m„wóKZ©v wnmv‡e Dcvmbv Kiv, BZ¨vw`| wLª÷ ag© MÖnY Kivi ci Zviv Lye `ªyZ wkwÿZ n‡q‡Q| Zviv wb‡Ri ms¯‹…wZi g~~j¨ eyS‡Z wk‡L‡Q, m¤ú` msiÿb Ki‡Q Ges Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Q| Avwg g‡b Kwi wLª÷ ag© MÖnY  bv Ki‡j Zv‡`i ms¯‹…wZ wewjb n‡q †hZ| Zv‡`i ms¯‹…wZ wLª÷ a‡©g  wg‡k Av‡Q|   

 

wgkbvjix‡`i cÖ‡Póvq d‡j gvw›` fvlv †ivgvb ni‡d AvR GK wjwLZ fvlvq DbœwZ nj| G fvlvq GLb cweÎ evB‡ej Abyev`mn wewfbœ  wel‡q †jLv eB cvIqv hvq| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki Mv‡iviv 99% wLª÷ ag© MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Zv‡`i fvjevmv, †¯œn, Av`i I h‡Zœ Mv‡iviv mn‡R  wL÷ ag© MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Zviv Zuv‡`i KvQ †_‡K A‡bK DcKvi †c‡q‡Q|

gvw›` mvs¯‹…wZK Rxe‡b wLª÷ ag©

evsjv‡`‡ki gvw›` mgv‡Ri Rb¨ GZ msL¨K cvBgvwi I nvB ¯‹zj cÖwZôv Kiv n‡q‡Q, hvi Zzjbvq  wn›`y gymjgvb A‡j bvB| A‡bK ¯‹yj  _vKv‡Z gvw›` mgv‡Ri 60-70% RbB wjL‡Z  co‡Z cv‡i Ges A‡b‡KB K‡jR I wek¦we`¨v`j‡q covïbv Kivi my‡hvM cv‡”Q| wLªó ag© MÖnY Kivi d‡j 1947 wLª÷v‡ã wØRvwZ mv¤úª`vwqK `v½v nIqvi ciI G‡`‡k e„nËi  Rb‡Mvôx I miKv‡ii bvbv mv¤úª`vwqK I ivR‰bwZK †kvl‡bi wkKvi n‡qwQj Zv ¯^‡Ë¡I Zviv wV‡K Av‡Q Ges bZzbfv‡e M‡o IVvi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡”Q| wLª÷ ag©  MÖnY Kivq gvw›`iv wLªw÷q wek¦vm I g~j¨‡ev‡ai cwicš’x welq¸‡jv Qvov Zv‡`i K…wó, fvlv I HwZn¨ meB envj Av‡Q| wLª÷ ag© MÖnY Kivi d‡j Zv‡`i fvlv GLb cÖwZwôZ|  cÖwZwôZ gqgbwmsn Kv_wjK  ag©c‡`k cÖwZôv G  A‡j AwbðqZvi g‡a¨ emevmKvix gvw›`‡`i Rb¨ myw¯’iZv cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q| gqgbwmsn ag©cÖ‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b Kv_wjK msL¨v 80,000 DËxY© n‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †_‡K cy‡ivwnZ, wm÷vi Ges GKRb wekc Av‡Qb|  eZ©gv‡b miKvwi chv©‡q wewfbœ c‡` Kg©KZ©v Av‡Q| GmeB wLª÷‡K MÖnY Kivi d‡j| myZivs ejv hvq ‡h wLª÷ ag© gvw›` ms¯‹…wZ‡K a‡i ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡Q|

weevn c×wZ Mv‡iv ms¯‹…wZ‡Z

Mv‡iv‡`i weevn  c×wZ m¤úyY© AmneY©| ¯^vgx-¯¿x ci¯úci Aek¨B c„_K †Mvwôi n‡Z n‡e| GKB †Mv‡Îi g‡a¨ KL‡bv weevn ¯§cbœ n‡Z cv‡i bv| Zv‡`i gv‡S Ggb  e¨vwZµg n‡jI Zv‡`i‡K mgv‡R MÖnY Kiv nq bv| Zv‡`i‡K mgv‡Ri N„Yvi cvÎ n‡Z n‡e| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Giæc weevn AbvPv‡ii mgZyj¨|  AwZ‡Z Mv‡iv‡`i weevn m¤úv`‡b ms¯‹…wZi ZrciZv GK weivU f~wgKv cvjb KiZ| Mv‡iv‡`i me©e„nr Drme Iqvb Mvjv Mv‡iv ZiæY-ZiæYx‡`i gb †`qv ‡bqv Ges c¯úci‡K Rvbv-‡Pbvi GK we‡kl my‡hvM| mvaviYZ A‡±vei I b‡f¤^i gv‡m IqvbMvjv Abyôvb nq| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Ggb wbqg wQj †h †Q‡j‡`i †Rvo K‡i  a‡i we‡q w`Z Zv‡`i Awb”Qv ¯^‡ZI| †Q‡j †g‡q GK N‡i iv‡Î _vK‡Z nZ|  mKv‡j †Q‡j hw` bv cvwj‡q hvq Zvn‡j eyS‡Z  n‡e †Q‡j †g‡q‡K cQ›` K‡i‡Q| Zv‡`i Awffve c‡i Zv‡`i we‡qi e¨ve¯’v Ki‡e| G we‡q m¤úbœ n‡e Lvgv‡ji gva¨‡g| 

wLª÷ ag© MÖnY Kivi c‡i Giæc we‡q Avi cÖPwjZ nq bv| GLb me we‡qB wLª÷ ag© ixwZ Abymv‡i Kiv nq| Z‡e Gi g‡a¨ Zv‡`i HwZn¨evnx K…wó GLbI a‡i †i‡L‡Q|

Mv‡iv mgv‡R K‡qKwU we‡qi c×wZ I wLª÷ ag©:

_ybvc&&Av ( †Q‡j-‡g‡qi m¤úwZ‡Z we‡q)

G †ÿ‡Z †Q‡j †g‡q GKmv‡_ emevm Ki‡Z _v‡K ¯^vgx ¯¿x wnmv‡e| G we‡qi c×wZ wjwfs Uz‡M`vi ejv hvq| c‡i Zv mgv‡Ri  Kv‡Q RvbvRvwb n‡q †M‡j we‡qi e¨ve¯’v K‡i AwffveKe„›`| Av‡M mvsmv‡iK c×wZ‡Z we‡qi e¨ve¯’v Kiv nZ| Z‡e wLª÷ ag© MªnY Kivq Giyc we‡q nq Z‡e wLª÷ ag© ixwZ‡Z nq Zv‡K eZ©gv‡b ms‡kva‡bi we‡q ejv nq| cy‡ivwnZ  G we‡q m¤úv`b K‡i   _v‡Kb|

Pv‡msAv (A‡cÿviZ Ae¯’vb)

G c×wZ‡Z eq¯‹v †g‡q Zvi Bw¯úZ †Q‡ji evevi evwo‡Z Ae¯’vb Ki‡e Ges wewfbœfv‡e †Q‡j‡K cÖjyc× Ki‡e| †Q‡j hw` Zvi cÖ‡jvf‡b ev †cÖ‡g c‡o Zvn‡j AwffveK Zv‡`i we‡qi e¨ve¯’v Ki‡e| mvavibZ G ixwZ gvgvi †Q‡ji mv‡_ n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e Giæc we‡q GLb LyeB Kg| 

`KPvc&Av (cyYivq ¯¿x ev ¯^vgx cÖ`vb)

‡Kvb cÖexY ¯¿xi ¯^vgx gviv †M‡j ¯^vgxi †MvÎ ‡_‡K we‡q e¨ve¯’v Kiv ev ¯¿x gviv †M‡j ¯¿xi ‡MvÎ †_‡K we‡qi e¨ve¯’v Kiv Z‡e Zv e¨vw³i AbygwZ µ‡g n‡e| Zv wØZxq ¯^vgx ev ¯¿x wnmv‡e Zv‡K MÖnY Ki‡e| G we‡q GLbI cÖPwjZ Av‡Q ev HwZn¨ Av‡Q| Z‡e A‡b‡K  bvPK K‡i ‡`q|  ciewZ©‡Z Zv‡`i cQ›` gZ we‡q K‡i| Z‡e ag©xq ixwZ Abymv‡i we‡q n‡q _v‡K| Zv bv  n‡j †m mgv‡Ri N„Yvi cvÎ n‡e| wLªwóq ag© ixwZ‡Z bv _vK‡jI Zv cy‡ivwn‡Zi AbygwZ‡Z we‡ePbvq ivLv nq| Z‡e Zv wLªw÷q  ag© ixwZ‡Z we‡q n‡e|

wRKwM‡Ë ivAv (mn‡hvMx ¯¿x)

†Kvb Kvib ekZ ¯¿x hw` c½y ev mšÍvb avi‡Y Aÿg nq Zvn‡j ¯¿xi AbygwZµ‡g wØZxq we‡q Ki‡Z cv‡i Z‡e Zv n‡e ¯¿xi †MvÎ n‡Z |  hw` Zv bv nq Zvn‡j wØZxq ¯¿x mKj cÖKvi m¤úwZ n‡Z ewÂZ n‡e| Z‡e Giæc we‡q GLb †`Lv hvqbv| ‡Kbbv eZ©gv‡b A‡bK gvw›` cwievi wkwÿZ Ges ag©xq ixwZ‡Z Zv ¯^xK…Z bq| Z‡e mgv‡R K‡qKwU e¨wZµg _vK‡Z cv‡i|

 

bKcv‡šÍ MvAv (hye M„‡n cÖ‡ek)

G we‡q c×wZ †g‡q hv‡K we‡q Ki‡Z Pvq iv‡Z hye M„‡n Ae¯’vb Ki‡e wKš‘ Zv GKRb cÖexYv wek¦¯Ívi mvnv‡h¨ †Mvc‡b †mLv‡b Mgb Ki‡e|  G Ae¯’vq †Q‡j hw` ivwR nq Z‡e Zv Rbmg‡ÿ Zv cÖKvk Kiv n‡e| Zvici AwffveKe„›` we‡qi e¨ve¯’v Ki‡e| Z‡e wkwÿZ I wLª÷ ag© MÖnY Kivi ci Giyc we‡qi e¨ve¯’v Avi †`Lv hvq bv| eZ©gv‡b me ai‡bi we‡q wLª÷ ag© ixwZ‡Z we‡q m¤úbœ n‡h  _v‡K| Avi hw` Zv bv nq Zvn‡j Zv mgv‡R ¯^xK„Z bq|

Dcmsnvi: 

Mv‡iv Avw`evmx‡`i wbR¯^ Ag~j¨ K…wó I ms¯‹…wZ Av‡Q| GB ms¯‹…wZi g‡a¨ w`‡qB Zviv wb‡R‡`i cwiPq †`q| wLª÷ ag©  MÖnb Kivi ci Zviv wLª÷vb bv‡g cwiwPZ jvf K‡i‡Q| myZivs Zviv wLª÷vb Ges Mv‡iv Avw`evmx| Zv‡`i ms¯‹…wZ Ges ag© Zv‡`i‡K eZ©gvb mg‡qi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z Dc‡hvMx Ki‡Q|  Zviv wLª÷‡K MÖnb bv Ki‡j nqZ Zviv GLbI wb‡R‡K cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z cviZ bv| Zv‡`i K…wó I ms¯‹…wZ‡K a‡I  ivL‡Z wLª÷ ag© wecyj fzwgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| Mv‡iv mgv‡R  Ges Zv‡`i ms¯‹…wZ‡Z wLª÷ a‡g©i cÖfve ‡`Lv hvq| 

Rxebe„`všÍ: 

1.      ‡Pxayix, kÖxfz‡c›`ªbv_ Gg. G: ÔMv‡iv ms¯‹…wZi K‡qKwU w`KÕ| Abyev`K myfvl †RsPvg, XvKv|

2.     mvËvi, Avãym: ÔMv‡iv‡`i mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨Õ| evsjv GKv‡Wwg, XvKv, 1987|

3.    gvivK, gbx›`ªbv_: ÔMv‡iv K…wó I ms¯‹…wZÕ| evsjv‡`‡ki g½jxq Avw`evmx, m¤úv`bvq gy¯Ídv Kvgvj, 2005|

4.      K¯Ív, wMwjI: ÔMv‡iv AvBbÕ| Abyev`K myfvl †RsPvg, 1985|

5.     ‡RsPvg, myfvl: ÔMv‡iv m¤úª`v‡qi mswÿß cwiPqÕ| Mv‡iv A‡j Lªxó a‡g©i AvMgb  Ges Ae`vb, m¤úv`bv †ifv. dv. wcUvi †igv Abvb¨, 2010, c„óv 11-79|

6.    gvivK, †ifv. gbx›`ªbv_: ÔMv‡iv A‡j e¨vwÞ÷ gÛjxi mswÿß  BwZnvm Ges wewiwkwi wgkbÕ| Ibid, c„óv 134-158|

7.      ‡igv, dv. wcUvi: ÔMv‡iv A‡j Kv_wjK gÛjxi BwZnvmÕ| Ibid, c„óv 168-176|